Vol 2, No 1 (2023): Second volume

In the study of coronary artery disease (CAD), the mechanism of plaque formation and development was still the subject of continuing debate. The limitation of the current coronary angiogram (CAG) is that it can only show the static image of a narrowing on the arterial channel without identifying the mechanism of the disease or predicting its progression or regression. Therefore, the current recording of CAGs is reprogrammed by the present team of investigators. The new technique focuses on the identification of blood flow patterns and analysis of their normal or abnormal dynamics by adapting the same methodologies used by hydraulics engineers when moving fluid or gas through domestic or industrial pipes or pumps. This new technique of recording and interpretation of coronary angiography helps to identify different flow patterns in arteries and the application of the fluid dynamics principles to the coronary system. This new technique ushers in a new era of crucial insights and applications regarding the diagnosis, medical, surgical, and interventional management of atherosclerotic diseases.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a common cardiac problem associated with multiple co-morbidities and high mortality. Despite tremendous efforts in research, scientists are still unable to identify and explain the mechanisms leading to atherosclerosis and its progression or regression. In an effort to disrupt the current passive concepts on atherosclerosis, the authors challenged the artificial intelligence (AI)-based language model ChatGPT with provocative questions in a hypothesis-generating exercise. In the study of flow in pipes or biomedical systems, laminar flow is the standard that is most efficient without damaging the wall and components of the system. However, not all pipes or arteries, or veins are straight. The fluid or blood needs to navigate mild or acute curves, cross smooth or rough surfaces of the inner lumen, or flow in the same direction or against the main flow. As fluid courses through these dynamic systems, the laminar flow accommodates and changes its flow patterns for the successful transportation of fluid and materials. This review emphasizes the metamorphosis of laminar flow in various environments of pipes (or vessels in the biomedical system) to promote energy conservation and efficient transport.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) or light treatment is a procedure to treat certain types of diseases that uses a photosensitizer (PS) which upon light activation produces cytotoxic oxygen species destroying tumor cells. PDT is minimally-invasive and can be repeated a few times without accumulating significant toxicity in the surrounding tissues. While PDT application in cancer treatment is well established and widely recognized by the scientific community, and its use in the fight against microbial infection is gaining momentum with the rapid increase in antimicrobial multi-drug resistance, its use in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases is clearly marginal. This mini-review presents a brief historical background of PDT, photo-activatable agents utilized, mechanism of photodynamic action, studies in vitro and in vivo, clinical trials, limitations and future prospects of its application in various types of cancer, infections caused by pathogens such as COVID-19, and heart diseases.

Purpose: Thyroiditis refers to a set of inflammatory disorders involving the destruction of normal thyroid follicular tissue. Each disorder has distinctive histology and pathology. Understanding each condition in the thyroiditis frame is crucial for physicians.

Main: This review categorizes thyroiditis into two groups based on the presence or absence of tenderness: painful and painless. This paper reviews the primary etiologies, diagnostic modalities, and treatment options for each condition. The painful thyroiditis comprises subacute, infectious, radiation, trauma-induced thyroiditis, and rarely Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. The painless group consists of subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis, postpartum thyroiditis, drug-induced thyroiditis, and fibrous thyroiditis.

Findings: In the painful group, the primary etiology of subacute thyroiditis is viral, including SARS-CoV- 2, which has been reported recently, and the main etiology of the infectious subgroup is bacterial infections. Symptom management and pain relief are the mainstays of treatment for painful conditions. The painless group typically progresses from transient hyperthyroidism to euthyroidism to hypothyroidism before resolving. Autoimmune and genetics, HLA-DR3, likely contribute to subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis. Certain medications, including interferon-alpha (HVC management), IL2 Tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (cancer management), amiodarone, lithium, and check-point inhibitor immunotherapy (CTLA-4 and PCD-1) are found to be related to thyroiditis. Fibrous thyroiditis is usually associated with systemic fibrous disease.

Conclusion: A comprehensive understanding of each thyroiditis condition’s etiology and clinical presentation is important to accurately diagnose, appropriately manage, and counsel patients on the risk for permanent hypothyroidism that may require long-term thyroid replacement therapy

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) and natural language processing (NLP) technologies has paved the way for innovative tools, such as ChatGPT, to enhance various aspects of academic research. This comprehensive guide aims to explore the practical applications and potential benefits of utilizing ChatGPT in the process of crafting a research paper, including various stages of the research paper creation process. Through a thorough examination of existing literature, real-world examples, expert consultations, and hands-on assessments, the guide will offer insights into the capabilities of ChatGPT, as well as provide practical guidance on incorporating the AI tool into the research process. Additionally, ethical considerations related to the use of AI-assisted research will be addressed to ensure the responsible and balanced adoption of this technology. By providing a systematic and in-depth exploration of ChatGPT’s potential in facilitating research paper creation, this guide aims to empower researchers with valuable insights and practical tips for harnessing the power of AI in their academic work.